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Security patches are essential for vulnerability management because they specifically address known security flaws within software. When software vulnerabilities are discovered, they can be exploited by attackers to gain unauthorized access, disrupt services, or compromise data integrity. Applying security patches helps to remediate these vulnerabilities, thereby reducing the risk of potential exploitation and enhancing the overall security posture of the system.

In the context of maintaining software, focusing on vulnerability management ensures that risks associated with security threats are minimized. Regularly updating software with the latest security patches is a critical practice in cybersecurity because it protects the system from new threats that emerge over time.

While the other options relate to different aspects of software maintenance, they do not have the same direct connection to the protection of software against security threats. User interface design, performance optimization, and license compliance deal with usability, efficiency, and legality respectively, rather than directly addressing the vulnerabilities that security patches aim to fix.